![]() There is a detailed description of a victory parade, where Judith leads the women in the dance, to the accompaniment of a special thanksgiving song: "And all the women of Israel hurried to see her, and they praised her and made a dance for her… And she went out in the dance before all the people, leading all the women" (Judith 15:12, 13). When David and Saul returned from the battle with the Philistines, "the women came out of all the cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet King Saul, with timbrels, with joy, and with rattles" (i Sam. On his triumphant return from battle to Mizpah, Jephthah was greeted by his daughter with timbrels and dancing (Judg. After the triumphant crossing of the Red Sea, "Miriam, the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances" (Ex. The women's role was to receive and extol the fighters. ![]() victory dancesĭancing to the accompaniment of drums is associated with the celebrations of military victories and welcoming home heroes who have routed an enemy. Ilan in his study "Dance and Gender" (see Bibliography) describes dance represented in ancient iconography as an activity in which the two genders have specific defined roles. Mazar adds that "this posture is typical of seals showing dancers from various sites in Israel" ( ibid.). ![]() Figures on a late Bronze Age cylinder seal from Lachish have been interpreted as participants in a ritual or battle dance similar to the Arab folk "debka" still in use in our days. show lines of dancers standing with their hands on one another's shoulders ( Near Eastern Archeology, 66:3 (2003)). For example, a number of cylinder seals from the second millennium b.c.e. This includes newly discovered iconographic features found in *Megiddo, *Lachish, the Negev, and other sites. It is noteworthy that in addition to the textual descriptions we have some tangible evidence. The other verb roots used for describing dance are daleg (דלג), leap or jump kafotz (קפץ), jump with both feet savav (סבב), go around paseʿaḥ (פסח), skip ẓalaʿ (צלע), limp ḥagag (חגג), dance in circle. 6:5, 14, 16) a slightly different version appears in i Chronicles 15:29, mentioning that he skipped, rakad (רקד). David not only danced in the ordinary sense of the word saḥek (שׂחק) but also rotated with all his might, karker (כרכר) and jumped, pazez (פזז) (ii Sam. The Bible contains many Hebrew verb roots employed to describe dancing activity, four of which were used in the description of the popular but religious event of the bringing of the Ark, which inspired King David and his subjects to dance before God. Dancing is mentioned in connection with celebrations of military victories and in rituals such as the golden calf dance and the bringing of the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem. None of these references, however, contain descriptions of how the dancers actually moved. In the Bible, Mishnah, and Talmud, dance is referred to in various contexts as an important ritualized activity and as an expression of joy.
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